The sol-gel synthesis process begins with the preparation of a sol, where metal or metalloid precursors are dissolved in a solvent. These precursors undergo hydrolysis and polymerization reactions, ...

Materials having structures and sizes that fall within the range of 1 to 100 nm are referred to as nanostructured materials. Nanostructured materials are associated with a diversity of uses within the ...

Generally, to make the surface hydrophobic, silica-based coatings are preferred in various fields. When the coatings on glass or metal are exposed to alkaline surrounding, the silica network starts to ...