This lab includes a theoretical explanation of how buffers work and how they are made, including a derivation of the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. Students will use what they have learned to ...

Strong base is added to three different buffers and water and the effect on pH is observed.

This lab includes the complete titration procedure used to determine the buffering capacity of a solution. Prepare a buffer solution by accurately calculating and measuring the required amounts of ...

This paper describes the results of a pilot study designed to correct wide pH variations in wastewater streams during the neutralization of strongly acidic wastes with strong bases. The efficiency and ...